--- title: Sistemas hidráulicos (Primera parte) description: Descubre cómo la filtración y el control de la contaminación en sistemas hidráulicos son esenciales para la confiabilidad y vida útil de sus componentes. image: https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hubfs/Sistemas%20hidr%C3%A1ulicos%20-%20Destacada.jpg --- [![logo](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hubfs/logo.svg "logo")](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home.html) ES MÁS QUE SÓLO ACEITE, ES INGENIERÍA LÍQUIDA. - [Global](https://www.castrol.com) - [CONTACTO](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/contacto) - [BLOG](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/castrol) - [WORLDWIDE](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home.html) Buscar Buscar Sugerencias Ver todos los resultados - [Inicio](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home.html) - [ACEITE PARA AUTOS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/motor-oil-and-fluids.html) - [SELECTOR DE ACEITE](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/motor-oil-and-fluids/motor-oil---fluids-finder.html) - 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[FLUIDOS EMULSIONABLES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/metalworking/soluble-cutting-fluids.html) - [FLUIDOS SINTÉTICOS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/metalworking/synthetic-cutting-fluids.html) - [LUBRICANTES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants.html) - [ACEITES PARA CADENAS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/chain-oils.html) - [ACEITES PARA COMPRESORES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/compressor-oils.html) - [ACEITES PARA ENGRANAJES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/gear-oils.html) - [GRASAS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/greases.html) - [FLUIDOS HIDRÁULICOS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/hydraulic-fluids.html) - 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En esta primera entrega te contamos todo acerca del [control de la contaminación](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/castrol/los-10-fundamentos-para-la-gestión-del-mantenimiento-de-maquinaria-industrial) en sistemas hidráulicos.   --- ## **Filtración y control de la contaminación en sistemas hidráulicos** Dentro de los posibles contaminantes de sistemas hidráulicos, se podrían incluir los siguientes:   - Sólidos - Partículas metálicas, arena, polvo - Salpicadura de soldadura, escoria - Material de sellos - Materiales de desgaste de los propios componentes. - Líquidos - Agua (libre, dispersa y/o disuelta) - Químicos de proceso - Gaseosos - Aire (libre y atrapada) | *Los contaminantes afectan la vida del lubricante e impactan también en la confiabilidad de los mecanismos.* | | --- | --- ## **Fuentes de contaminación** El ingreso de contaminantes puede ocurrir vía muchas áreas de un Sistema hidráulico (Figura 1).   - El aceite nuevo, aunque normalmente viene limpio del fabricante, puede recoger contaminantes durante el envío, almacenamiento, transferencia y / o manipulación antes de que llegue al sistema. Por esta razón, se recomienda filtrar el aceite nuevo para asegurar que estos contaminantes se eliminen antes de agregarlos al sistema. - Los venteos son otra fuente común de contaminantes. Como tal, se deben utilizar venteos con filtro desecante para garantizar que el agua y la suciedad no sean "absorbidos" desde la atmósfera - Los materiales de desgaste generados internamente pueden, a su vez, producir desgaste abrasivo. Las reparaciones de mantenimiento y otras actividades deben realizarse de manera adecuada para minimizar la contaminación del sistema. ![Castrol - Sistemas hidráulicos](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Grafico-Sistemas_Hidr%C3%A1ulicos_P1_Contaminaci%C3%B3n.png?width=758&height=515&name=Grafico-Sistemas_Hidr%C3%A1ulicos_P1_Contaminaci%C3%B3n.png) ***Figura 1.** Puntos de ingreso de contaminantes en un sistema hidráulico.*   ![Castrol - Sistemas hidráulicos](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Grafico3-1.png?width=400&height=309&name=Grafico3-1.png) ***Figura 2.** Tamaño en micrones de varios objetos. El ojo humano no puede ver las partículas finas (\<40 micrones) que crean grandes problemas en el aceite hidráulico.*   --- ## **Contaminación sólida** Para los propósitos de esta sección, nos enfocaremos principalmente en la contaminación sólida (externa o de desgaste), que conduce al desgaste abrasivo de los componentes, sellos metálicos y provoca la adherencia de válvulas y actuadores. Las partículas más pequeñas pueden afectar a los componentes al interponerse entre los espacios libres internos, como se puede ver en una válvula en la figura 3 (las válvulas tienen huelgos entre 1 y 8 micrones). Estas partículas evitan el movimiento adecuado del carrete, lo que provoca adherencia, funcionamiento errático y desgaste abrasivo.   Estas minúsculas partículas generalmente no son visibles, dado que el ojo humano puede visualizar a partir de 40 micrones. ![Castrol - Sistemas hidráulicos](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Grafico04.png?width=600&height=223&name=Grafico04.png)***Figura 3.** Las partículas pequeñas, invisibles al ojo desnudo, pueden tener grandes efectos en la operación de la válvula.*   --- ## **Conteo de partículas** Como mencionábamos, la contaminación sólida que causa problemas no se puede ver visualmente en la muestra de aceite. Por este motivo se han desarrollado técnicas de laboratorio para medir el tamaño y el volumen de estas partículas. El medio principal para medir la contaminación sólida es a través de un contador láser de partículas, que cuenta el número de partículas por ml en un rango de tamaños de micras.   El tamaño de partícula y el volumen por ml se clasifican en un código simplificado para fines de informes utilizando el estándar ISO 4406. El código escalado de tres dígitos corresponde al número de partículas:\> 4 micras /\> 6 micras /\> 14 micras. El número de escala representa un rango de volumen de partículas como se muestra en la Figura 4.   En este ejemplo, un recuento de partículas de 20/17/13 indica que la muestra tenía:   - 5,000-10,000 partículas por mL mayores de 4 micrones, - 640-1,300 partículas por mL mayores de 6 micrones, y - 40-80 partículas por mL mayores de 14 micrones. | **Número de partículas por 1 mL de fluido** | **Número escala** | | | --- | --- | --- | | **Más de** | **Hasta e incluyendo** | | | 1,300,00 | 2,500,000 | 28 | | 640,000 | 1,300,000 | 27 | | 320,000 | 640,000 | 26 | | 160,000 | 320,000 | 25 | | 80,000 | 160,000 | 24 | | 40,000 | 80,000 | 23 | | 20,000 | 40,000 | 22 | | 10,000 | 20,000 | 21 | | 5,000 | 10,000 | 20 | | 2,500 | 5,000 | 19 | | 1,300 | 2,500 | 18 | | 640 | 1,300 | 17 | | 320 | 640 | 16 | | 160 | 320 | 15 | | 80 | 160 | 14 | | 40 | 80 | 13 | | 20 | 40 | 12 | | 10 | 20 | 11 | | 5 | 10 | 10 | | 2.5 | 5 | 9 | | 1.3 | 2.5 | 8 | El contador de partículas láser mide el número de en partículas en varios rangos de tamaño, lo cual se convierte a una escala ISO. *![Castrol - Sistemas hidráulicos](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Sistemas%20hidr%C3%A1ulicos%20-%20Grafico02.png?width=600&height=309&name=Sistemas%20hidr%C3%A1ulicos%20-%20Grafico02.png)* *Figura 4. Números de escala ISO basados en el número de partículas por mL en tres diferentes tamaños en micrones.* | **Limpieza actual** | **Objetivo** | **Objetivo** | **Objetivo** | **Objetivo** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 24/22/19 | 21/19/16 | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | 18/16/13 | | 23/21/18 | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | 18/16/13 | 17/15/12 | | 22/20/17 | 19/17/14 | 18/16/13 | 17/15/12 | 16/14/11 | | 21/19/16 | 18/16/13 | 17/15/12 | 16/14/11 | 15/13/10 | | 20/18/15 | 17/15/12 | 16/14/11 | 15/13/10 | 14/12/9 | | 19/17/14 | 16/14/11 | 15/13/10 | 14/12/9 | 14/12/8 | | **Factor extensión de vida** | **2X** | **3X** | **4X** | **5X** | *Figura 5. Extensión de la vida de equipos a través de la reducción de la contaminación sólida (conteo de partículas).* | *Muchos estudios han demostrado que la contaminación es una razón importante de falla del componente hidráulico. A su vez, la vida útil del equipo puede extenderse considerablemente al reducir la contaminación sólida. Como se muestra en el ejemplo de la Figura 5, mejorar la limpieza del 23/21/18 al 18/16/13 puede aumentar la vida útil de los componentes hidráulicos en cuatro veces.* | | --- | --- ## **Establecer y lograr objetivos de conteo de partículas** Los objetivos de conteo de partículas para un sistema en particular deben establecerse en función del componente más sensible dentro del sistema y la presión general del sistema. Por ejemplo un sistema hidráulico a 2500 psi (172 bar) con bomba de paletas variable, servoválvula y cilindro debe tener un objetivo de conteo de partículas de 16/14/11, dictado por las necesidades de la servoválvula (altamente sensible a la contaminación). | **BOMBAS** | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | **\< 2000 PSI** | **\< 3000 PSI** | **\< 3000 PSI** | | **Presión** | **\< 140 Bar** | **210 Bar** | **\> 210 Bar** | | Engranaje fijo | 20/18/15 | 19/17/15 | 18/16/13 | | Paleta fijo | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | 18/16/13 | | Pistón fijo | 19/17/15 | 18/16/14 | 17/15/13 | | Paleta variable | 19/17/15 | 18/16/14 | 17/15/13 | | Pistón variable | 18/16/14 | 17/15/13 | 16/14/12 | | **VÁLVULA** | | | | | | | **\< 3000 PSI** | **\> 3000 PSI** | | **Presión** | | **210 Bar** | **\> 210 Bar** | | Direccional (solenoide) | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | | | Presión (modulada) | 19/17/14 | 19/17/14 | | | Controles de flujo (standard) | 19/17/14 | 19/17/14 | | | Válvulas de chequeo | 20/18/15 | 20/18/15 | | | Válvulas cartucho | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | | | Válvulas tornillo | 18/16/13 | 17/15/12 | | | Válvulas prellenas | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | | | Válvulas direccionables sensibles a carga | 18/16/14 | 17/15/13 | | | Controles remotos hidráulicos | 18/16/13 | 17/15/12 | | | Válvulas direccionables proporc (acelerador) | 18/16/13 | 17/15/12 | | | Servoválvulas | 16/14/11 | 15/13/10 | | | **ACTUADORES** | | | | | | **\< 2000 PSI** | **\< 3000 PSI** | **\> 3000 PSI** | | **Presión** | **\< 140 Bar** | **210 Bar** | **\> 210 Bar** | | Cilindros | 20/18/15 | 20/18/15 | 20/18/15 | | Motores paletas | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | 18/16/13 | | Motores pistón axial | 19/17/14 | 18/16/13 | 17/15/12 | | Motores engranajes | 21/19/17 | 20/18/15 | 19/17/14 | | Motores pistón | 20/18/14 | 19/17/15 | 18/16/13 | *Figura 6. Objetivos de conteo de partículas basados en presión del sistema y componentes individuales. Cortesía del libro de control de la contaminación de Eaton-Vickers.*   Para lograr el conteo de partículas deseado, se debe minimizar la entrada de contaminantes y se debe instalar una filtración del tamaño, la eficiencia y el número adecuados en el sistema hidráulico. La Figura 7 proporciona una guía sobre el tamaño del filtro necesario para alcanzar un objetivo particular, suponiendo el uso de filtros absolutos con una relación beta de 200 o mejor (consulte la relación beta en la siguiente sección). | **Objetivo** | **Filtro necesario** | | --- | --- | | 20/18/15 | 20 micrones | | 19/17/14 | 10 micrones | | 18/16/13 | 5 micrones | | 17/15/12 | 3 micrones | | 16/14/11 | 3 micrones **\*\*** | | 15/13/10 | 3 micrones **\*\*** | | **\*** Asumiendo filtración absoluta (beta\>200). | | | **\*\*** Dos o más filtros de este tamaño pueden ser necesarios para alcanzar el objetivo. | | *Figura 7. Tamaño de filtro necesario para lograr un objetivo de conteo de partículas dado.*     ¿No estás seguro de cuál es la mejor opción para tu operación? Los ingenieros de Castrol están listos para brindarle asesoramiento experto y ayudarte a seleccionar el producto más adecuado para tus necesidades específicas. *![](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Logos/Nueva%20identidad%20visual/Icon%20-%20Castrol%20nuevo.png?width=90&height=90&name=Icon%20-%20Castrol%20nuevo.png)* Prevenir siempre es mejor que curar. Solicite una asesoría especializada. 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