--- title: Tribología y fricción description: Descubre la importancia de la tribología en el mantenimiento de equipos industriales, cómo reducir la fricción y optimizar su rendimiento y durabilidad. image: https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hubfs/Destacada%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.jpg --- [![logo](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hubfs/logo.svg "logo")](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home.html) ES MÁS QUE SÓLO ACEITE, ES INGENIERÍA LÍQUIDA. - [Global](https://www.castrol.com) - [CONTACTO](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/contacto) - [BLOG](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/castrol) - [WORLDWIDE](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home.html) Buscar Buscar Sugerencias Ver todos los resultados - [Inicio](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home.html) - [ACEITE PARA AUTOS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/motor-oil-and-fluids.html) - [SELECTOR DE ACEITE](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/motor-oil-and-fluids/motor-oil---fluids-finder.html) - 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[FLUIDOS EMULSIONABLES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/metalworking/soluble-cutting-fluids.html) - [FLUIDOS SINTÉTICOS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/metalworking/synthetic-cutting-fluids.html) - [LUBRICANTES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants.html) - [ACEITES PARA CADENAS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/chain-oils.html) - [ACEITES PARA COMPRESORES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/compressor-oils.html) - [ACEITES PARA ENGRANAJES](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/gear-oils.html) - [GRASAS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/greases.html) - [FLUIDOS HIDRÁULICOS](https://www.castrol.com/es_ar/argentina/home/industrial/lubricants-by-product-type/lubricants/hydraulic-fluids.html) - 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Aquí intervienen fricción, lubricación y desgaste, abarcando aspectos de física, química, metalurgia, ciencia de los materiales, ingeniería mecánica,  ingeniería química y mecánica aplicada. Al momento de comenzar una actividad, es de suma importancia contar no solo con el equipamiento necesario para su buen desempeño, sino también tener la seguridad de que ese equipo esté en la mejor condición posible para asegurar su buen funcionamiento. Un [equipo de buena calidad](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/castrol/los-10-fundamentos-para-la-gestión-del-mantenimiento-de-maquinaria-industrial) puede tener décadas de vida útil sin necesitar reparación alguna, mientras se tenga en cuenta el impacto que su labor tendrá en su integridad y funcionamiento a través del tiempo, y se le haga el mantenimiento correspondiente con la frecuencia necesaria.   --- ## **Uso y Desgaste:** Los tipos de fricción en maquinarias y sus posibles efectos en la integridad de sus equipos | *Podemos definir a la fricción como la resistencia al movimiento relativo entre dos superficies en contacto. Los estudios estiman que hasta un tercio de toda la energía utilizable se pierde por fricción y desgaste.* | | --- | **Tengamos en cuenta que:** - Además del desperdicio de energía, la fricción y el desgaste afectan en gran medida la confiabilidad, mantenibilidad, seguridad, servicio, vida y factores ambientales del equipo. - *“Una de las funciones principales de un lubricante, es reducir la fricción. Al reducir la fricción, se reducirá la energía requerida para realizar el trabajo.”* - El mantenimiento reactivo debido a las condiciones de alta fricción y desgaste cuesta *tres veces* más que el mantenimiento planificado y la lubricación adecuada. A continuación, se analizarán dos tipos de fricción (fricción seca y fricción fluida) y los modos de dicha fricción (deslizamiento y rodadura).   **Fricción seca** Aunque una superficie de metal puede parecer lisa a simple vista, en realidad no lo es. Posee muchos picos, llamados asperezas. La fricción seca es el impacto de estas asperezas entre dos superficies en contacto sin una película lubricante presente para protección. ![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Interna01%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png?width=600&height=272&name=Interna01%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png)***Figura 1.** Dos superficies de metal en contacto con picos impactantes (llamados "asperezas") creando fricción.* La figura 1 muestra cómo las asperezas de dos superficies entran en contacto para crear fricción. Las asperezas bloquean el movimiento libre de las superficies, requiriendo una fuerza (llamada *fuerza de fricción*) para vencerlas. ![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Interna02%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.jpg?width=411&height=340&name=Interna02%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.jpg)***Figura 2.** Un engranaje de un reloj de precisión bajo alta magnificación mostrando asperezas.*![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Interna03%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.jpg?width=411&height=254&name=Interna03%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.jpg)***Figura 3.** Una superficie altamente mecanizada bajo 2000X de magnificación con rugosidad superficial significativa.* Incluso los materiales altamente pulidos mostrarán asperezas bajo aumento. Como se muestra en las Figuras 2 y 3, un engranaje de reloj de precisión y una superficie altamente maquinada muestran asperezas, o rugosidad superficiales significativas vistas con un gran aumento.   Área de contacto real (con sombra) \<\< Área nominal (a x b)![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Sin%20t%C3%ADtulo-4.png?width=496&height=250&name=Sin%20t%C3%ADtulo-4.png) *Figura 4. Debido a la interacción de las asperezas, el área de contacto real puede ser mucho menor que el área nominal calculada (a x b).*   El área de contacto real entre dos superficies es mucho menor que el área *calculada* porque sólo el área de los picos de las asperezas, no toda la superficie, está en contacto (Figura 4). Esto significa que la carga localizada en las áreas de contacto de los picos o asperezas será extremadamente alta.   **Fricción fluida** La fricción fluida es la resistencia creada dentro de la película de fluido cuando las moléculas chocan o se rozan entre sí. Generalmente ocurre cuando hay demasiado lubricante presente (es decir, sobre lubricación) o la viscosidad es demasiado alta para las condiciones de operación. Un buen ejemplo de fricción fluida potencial puede demostrarse considerando la lubricación de un rodamiento. Los rodamientos generalmente se lubrican mejor al colocar grasa en aproximadamente el 30-50% del espacio disponible dentro del alojamiento. Si en el alojamiento se colocara el 100%, la grasa no tendría "lugar adonde ir" a medida que los rodillos se mueven a través de ella, creando así una fricción fluida dentro de la grasa. Si bien la fricción en seco suele ser mucho más alta que la fricción fluida, ésta no se debe pasar por alto, ya que puede provocar calor, pérdida de viscosidad y mayores tasas de desgaste.   **Fricción de deslizamiento** La fricción deslizante es la fuerza que resiste o se opone al movimiento de deslizamiento. Este tipo de aplicaciones incluyen guías, roscas de tornillo, compresores, cadenas, bombas hidráulicas, válvulas hidráulicas, cilindros hidráulicos, cojinetes lisos, engranajes helicoidales (deslizamiento alto), engranajes hipoidales (deslizamiento alto) y otros tipos de engranajes (deslizamiento bajo a moderado). Como se muestra en la Figura 5, la fuerza *aplicada* debe ser mayor que la fuerza de fricción para que el bloque se mueva. La lubricación está diseñada para reducir esta fuerza *de fricción*, que a su vez reduce la fuerza aplicada (energía) necesaria para realizar el trabajo (mover el bloque). ![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Interna06%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png?width=400&height=227&name=Interna06%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png) *Figura 5. El mecanismo de fricción deslizante. La fuerza aplicada debe ser mayor que la fuerza de fricción para que se produzca el movimiento.*   La fricción por deslizamiento genera partículas pequeñas y de formato parecido a la viruta de que se produce en los procesos de mecanizado:     **Coeficiente de fricción** El coeficiente de fricción estática en aplicaciones de deslizamiento está determinado por la fuerza requerida para mover un objeto dividido por el peso del objeto (Figura 6). Esta medida es un adimensional (es decir, no tiene unidades), y su variación dependerá de los tipos de materiales en contacto (Figura 7) y el grado de lubricación (si existe) presente. Uno de los objetivos de la lubricación es reducir la fricción y, por lo tanto, la fuerza aplicada necesaria para realizar el trabajo. ![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Interna05%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png?width=415&height=250&name=Interna05%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png) ***Figura 6.** Coeficiente de fricción estática en relación con la fuerza aplicada y el peso del objeto.*   | **Materiales en contacto** | **Coeficiente de fricción (μ)** | | --- | --- | | Bronce sobre bronce | 0.20 | | Acero duro sobre acero duro | 0.42 | | Acero blando sobre acero blando | 0.57 | | Acero duro sobre babbit | 0.34 | | Acero blando sobre bronce | 0.34 | ***Figura 7.** Coeficiente de fricción seca de algunos materiales de uso común en contacto entre sí.*   **Fricción por rodadura** La fricción por rodadura es la fuerza que resiste el movimiento rodante. Los rodamientos de bolas y rodillos son buenos ejemplos de fricción de rodadura, al igual que muchos tipos de engranajes (ruedan en la línea de paso). Como se muestra en la Figura 9, la fuerza aplicada debe ser mayor que la fuerza de fricción para "hacer rodar la bola". ![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Interna08%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png?width=438&height=250&name=Interna08%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png) *Figura 9. El mecanismo de rodadura por fricción. La fuerza aplicada debe ser mayor que la fricción para mover la bola.* Claramente, la fricción de rodadura es mucho menor que la fricción de deslizamiento, por lo que se utilizan bolas o rodillos en los rodamientos para lograr un movimiento giratorio suave. Pero incluso con esta menor fricción, el contacto de metal con metal puede ser muy perjudicial en los rodamientos, por lo que se requiere una buena lubricación para una larga vida útil y un funcionamiento eficiente. Las partículas de desgaste generadas por rodadura son distintas de las partículas de desgaste deslizantes, aparecen como "picaduras" en la superficie del metal y en forma redonda o esférica (vista con aumento Figura 10). ![Castrol - Tribología y fricción](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Interna07%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png?width=705&height=176&name=Interna07%20-%20Tribolog%C3%ADa%20y%20fricci%C3%B3n.png) *Figura 10. Pérdida de superficie por desgaste de rodadura que se muestra como un hoyo (izquierda) y la forma típica de partículas (derecha).* Conociendo los tipos de fricción existentes y sus causas, es mucho más sencillo descifrar el tipo de mantenimiento y cuidado que cada tipo de maquinaria necesita, y cómo administrarlo dependiendo de las necesidades específicas de cada usuario de la mejor manera posible. Asegurando así el buen funcionamiento de la maquinaria, minimizando los efectos del uso y desgaste natural y optimizando sus procesos para alargar su vida útil y garantizar la mayor calidad posible en su desempeño por la mayor cantidad de tiempo posible.   ¿No estás seguro de cuál es la mejor opción para tu operación? Los ingenieros de Castrol están listos para brindarle asesoramiento experto y ayudarte a seleccionar el producto más adecuado para tus necesidades específicas. *![](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hs-fs/hubfs/Logos/Nueva%20identidad%20visual/Icon%20-%20Castrol%20nuevo.png?width=90&height=90&name=Icon%20-%20Castrol%20nuevo.png)* Prevenir siempre es mejor que curar. Solicite una asesoría especializada. [![CONTACTANOS](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/24378155/5f1f99b4-2987-4df2-8c35-ab1c556da232.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/24378155/5f1f99b4-2987-4df2-8c35-ab1c556da232)   ![ Alfredo Riesenberg](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/hubfs/Firmas/Ing.%20Alfredo%20Riesenberg%20-%20Firma%203.png) [Alfredo Riesenberg](https://ingenierialiquida.castrolargentina.com.ar/castrol/author/alfredo-riesenberg) Ing. 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